Exploring Nanostring RNA: Transforming Molecular Biology
Intro
Nanostring RNA technology has emerged as a pivotal technique in molecular biology, allowing for innovative analysis of gene expression and cellular processes. This article endeavors to explore various aspects of Nanostring technology, elucidating its principles, applications, and its transformative impact on understanding biological phenomena. As the field continues to evolve, it is essential to examine the historical context and advancements that have shaped its current form.
Research Background
Overview of the Scientific Problem Addressed
The increasing complexity of biological systems necessitates advanced tools for the analysis of RNA molecules. Traditional methods of gene expression analysis, such as microarrays and quantitative PCR, have limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to provide multiplexed data. This situation creates a gap that Nanostring RNA technology aims to fill, offering a platform to probe multiple RNA targets simultaneously with high precision.
Historical Context and Previous Studies
Nanostring technology originated from the need to assess RNA levels in a robust manner with minimal sample requirements. The groundwork was laid by studies that highlighted the importance of RNA in regulating gene expression and cellular response. Initial implementations demonstrated the feasibility of direct RNA counting using color-coded probes, which quickly gained traction.
Numerous studies utilized Nanostring technology to investigate a variety of biological processes, from cancer research to neuroscience. For instance, early works focused on tumor profiling, where researchers employed Nanostring to evaluate immune response and identify biomarkers. These foundational studies set the stage for comprehensive applications in clinical diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring.
Findings and Discussion
Key Results of the Research
Recent advancements in Nanostring RNA technology have yielded substantial findings that enhance its applicability in modern research. Key innovations include the development of the nCounter system, which allows researchers to quantify RNA transcripts directly without the need for amplification. This capability significantly reduces potential biases that arise from amplification techniques, resulting in more accurate data.
Moreover, applicability in diverse fields has been documented, including oncology, where patient-derived samples reveal insights into tumor microenvironments. Comprehensive studies demonstrate that Nanostring RNA profiles can predict response to treatment and overall survival, validating its clinical relevance.
Interpretation of the Findings
The implications of these results are profound. The reliability and versatility of Nanostring RNA technology not only improve the detection of gene expression but also allow for deeper investigations into cellular mechanisms. By integrating high-throughput capabilities with minimal input, researchers can unravel complex biological questions and develop targeted therapies.
The potential for future explorations within Nanostring RNA research appears promising. As the technology evolves, its integration with other molecular tools may pave the way for more nuanced understandings of gene relationships and tissue-specific expressions.
"The ability to analyze multiple RNA molecules simultaneously underscores Nanostring technology's role in advancing our knowledge in molecular biology."
Through this comprehensive examination, we anticipate detailed discussions in subsequent sections that will further illuminate Nanostring RNA's role in enhancing our understanding of molecular biology.
Prologue to Nanostring RNA Technology
Nanostring RNA technology represents a significant advancement in the landscape of molecular biology. This approach offers precise methods for detecting and analyzing RNA molecules. The relevance of this technology is apparent in its ability to provide high-throughput insights into gene expression, enabling researchers to conduct studies with a level of specificity that traditional methods often lack.
This section emphasizes how Nanostring RNA technology integrates various techniques and principles to facilitate the analysis of complex biological samples. It bridges the gap between genomics and transcriptomics, allowing for an enhanced understanding of gene behavior in different contexts, including disease and development. Researchers, educators, and professionals benefit from grasping the fundamentals of this technology, as it influences experimental design and research outputs.
Defining Nanostring Technology
Nanostring technology is fundamentally characterized by its unique approach to molecular detection. Unlike sequencing techniques that require extensive sample preparation, Nanostring utilizes a direct hybridization method. Here, specific RNA molecules are targeted using unique probes that are color-coded, enabling simultaneous measurement of multiple RNA species in a single assay. This methodology allows for a more streamlined data acquisition process, as it eliminates the need for amplification steps involved in other methods.
Historical Context and Development
The evolution of Nanostring technology began in the early 2000s, when researchers sought innovative solutions for high-throughput gene expression analysis. The company Nanostring Technologies, founded in 2003, pioneered the development of this platform. Initial applications focused on cancer research, where understanding gene expression patterns was critical for diagnosis and treatment selection. Over the years, advancements have led to broader applications in various fields, including developmental biology and immunology. The technology has been recognized for its contribution to precision medicine, providing critical insights that influence patient care.
Principles of RNA Detection
At the heart of Nanostring technology lies the principle of hybridization. Probes designed to be complementary to target RNA sequences bind to the corresponding RNA in the sample. This binding is what facilitates the subsequent detection and quantification steps. The probes are coupled with unique barcodes that are read by an imaging system, quantifying the presence and abundance of specific RNA molecules. The combination of hybridization and imaging allows for an elegant and efficient analysis of gene expression.
Understanding these principles aids researchers in selecting the proper techniques for their studies, especially for projects requiring detailed gene expression profiling. The ease of use and efficiency offered by Nanostring technology makes it a compelling choice for many experimental applications.
Understanding RNA and Its Types
RNA plays a pivotal role in the field of molecular biology. Its primary function is to serve as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized. Understanding the different types of RNA is crucial for several reasons. Each type of RNA has its own specific function, which contributes significantly to the overall process of gene expression and regulation in living organisms.
By diving deeper into the types of RNA, researchers can identify how these molecules influence cellular activity. This understanding can lead to advancements in biotechnology and therapeutic interventions, making RNA exploration ever more important.
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA, commonly referred to as mRNA, is one of the most critical components of the gene expression process. mRNA is synthesized during transcription and carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
The lifecycle of mRNA is essential for regulating protein production. After being transcribed, mRNA undergoes several modifications including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing. These modifications ensure stability and facilitate translation into proteins. Studying mRNA not only helps comprehend gene expression dynamics but also provides insights into diseases where mRNA processing is disrupted.
"Messenger RNA is vital for conveying genetic information and directing the assembly of proteins, making it a focus of genetic and therapeutic studies."
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA, or tRNA, plays a crucial role in translating the information coded in mRNA into a functional protein. Each tRNA molecule is linked to a specific amino acid and recognizes codons on the mRNA through its anticodon region. This matching process ensures that amino acids are added in the correct order during protein synthesis.
The efficiency of protein synthesis largely depends on the capacity of tRNA to match up with the mRNA. Proper functioning of tRNA is fundamental for the accuracy of translation, which can have significant implications in the context of genetic disorders and translation-related diseases. Thus, a deeper understanding of tRNA mechanics can advance fields such as drug development and synthetic biology.
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a structural and functional component of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. rRNA contributes to the ribosome's overall architecture and plays a vital role in catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
Ribosomal RNA is crucial not just for creating proteins, but also for ensuring the fidelity of translation, as it helps maintain the correct conformation of the ribosome during protein synthesis. Abnormalities in rRNA can lead to issues in protein synthesis and have been linked to various diseases, including certain types of cancer.
By studying rRNA and its interactions within the ribosome, molecular biologists can gain valuable insights into ribosome function and its implications in health and disease.
Understanding these three types of RNA enhances the comprehension of cellular mechanisms and opens avenues for targeted research. Their signaling roles in gene regulation and expression further underscore the importance of RNA study in modern molecular biology.
Mechanism of Nanostring RNA Technology
The mechanism of Nanostring RNA technology serves as the core of its innovative approach to RNA analysis. Understanding this mechanism is essential for grasping how Nanostring differentiates itself from conventional methods. The key constituents of this technology include the hybridization process, signal amplification, and data acquisition and analysis. Each of these components is carefully designed to ensure robust and reliable results, ultimately enhancing research outcomes in molecular biology.
Hybridization Process
The hybridization process is fundamental to Nanostring RNA technology, as it allows for the specific interactions between target RNA molecules and capture probes. In this method, unique barcode sequences are attached to the probes, permitting the identification of specific RNA species. This specificity is crucial in ensuring accurate results when analyzing complex samples. The temperature and conditions under which hybridization occurs must be optimized, as they can significantly influence the binding efficacy.
During the hybridization step, complementary strands align, forming stable complexes. These complexes are then further processed to prepare for subsequent analysis. The design of the RNA capture probes is a critical element, as the quality and specificity directly affect the results. An effective hybridization process leads to better signal strength and improved sensitivity in detecting low-abundance RNA species.
Signal Amplification
Signal amplification in Nanostring RNA technology is pivotal in enhancing the visibility of RNA signals. After hybridization, the captured RNA molecules are distinguished using a unique technology called molecular barcoding. This process allows researchers to significantly amplify the signals corresponding to specific RNA targets, thereby overcoming the limitations of low expression levels that can often hinder analysis.
Nanostring employs a detection method that utilizes fluorescent tags attached to oligonucleotide probes. Each hybridized RNA molecule can generate numerous fluorescent signals. This amplification factor ensures that even rare transcripts are detected with high fidelity. The combination of efficient hybridization and robust signal amplification is what makes Nanostring a compelling choice for gene expression studies.
Data Acquisition and Analysis
The final step in the mechanism of Nanostring RNA technology is data acquisition and analysis. In this stage, the amplified signals are captured and interpreted using proprietary software. The data generated can be quantitatively analyzed, providing insights into RNA expression levels with impressive accuracy. One major advantage of this technology is the ability to analyze multiple targets simultaneously, which allows researchers to gain a comprehensive view of the biological system under study.
Analyzing the results involves various statistical techniques to ensure robustness and reliability. Researchers can compare expression levels across different conditions or sample types, uncovering valuable insights into biological processes. With advanced visualization tools integrated into the data analysis platform, users can easily interpret complex datasets.
This strategic approach to data acquisition is fundamental for advancing our understanding of RNA dynamics in different biological contexts.
Applications in Gene Expression Analysis
The field of gene expression analysis has made significant strides, thanks in large part to innovative technologies like Nanostring RNA. Understanding gene expression is fundamental to both basic and applied research, helping scientists connect genotypes with phenotypes. Within this context, Nanostring RNA technology offers unique advantages that enhance our ability to analyze gene expression in diverse biological systems.
Nanostring RNA enables researchers to profile multiple genes simultaneously without the need for amplification, reducing biases that often arise in traditional methods like PCR. This is particularly useful when analyzing samples with limited RNA, such as those derived from small biopsies or difficult-to-obtain tissues.
Profiling Tumor Samples
One of the critical applications of Nanostring RNA technology lies in profiling tumor samples. Tumor heterogeneity is a key challenge in cancer research, and understanding the transcriptional landscape of tumor cells holds crucial implications for patient management and treatment strategies.
Nanostring allows for precise quantification of gene expression levels in various tumor types, helping to identify molecular signatures associated with prognosis or response to therapy. Researchers can use this data to stratify patients based on their tumor characteristics, leading to more tailored and effective treatment plans. Furthermore, the ability to multiplex allows for the investigation of oncogenic pathways and potential biomarkers in a single assay, accelerating discovery and translation into clinical settings.
Analyzing Developmental Stages
Nanostring RNA also facilitates the exploration of gene expression during different developmental stages. Understanding how gene expression changes throughout development is vital for uncovering the mechanisms of growth and differentiation in various organisms.
By utilizing Nanostring technology, researchers can monitor the dynamic gene expression landscapes at multiple developmental time points. This approach enables them to identify critical genes and regulatory elements involved in development. For instance, studies have shown how certain gene expression profiles can predict developmental disorders or normal biological variations.
Studying Disease Mechanisms
Another important use of Nanostring RNA technology is in studying disease mechanisms. The complexity of diseases often stems from alterations in gene regulation and expression patterns.
Nanostring allows researchers to probe into specific pathways or gene sets associated with diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or neurodegenerative disorders. By mapping the gene expression changes in affected tissues or cells, researchers can gain insights into the molecular underpinnings of these conditions. This makes it possible to discover potential therapeutic targets and understand the pathophysiology of diseases.
"The integration of Nanostring RNA technology has revolutionized the approach to gene expression analysis, facilitating deeper insights into molecular biology and disease mechanisms."
In summary, the applications of Nanostring RNA technology in gene expression analysis are vast and growing. From cancer profiling to developmental biology and disease research, its capacity to deliver reliable data with lower sample requirements makes it a powerful tool in modern molecular biology.
Comparative Description: Nanostring vs Traditional Methods
The comparative analysis between Nanostring technologies and traditional methods is crucial for understanding the subtle nuances of molecular biology research. Each method offers different advantages and limitations that can impact the results and interpretations in various studies. Researchers need to choose the right approach based on their specific experimental requirements and the kind of insights they aim to obtain from gene expression analyses. This section will explore how Nanostring RNA technology stands against established techniques such as PCR, microarray technologies, and RNA sequencing, focusing on the distinctive features, efficacy, and adaptability of each method.
Versus PCR Methods
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a well-established method in molecular biology used for amplifying specific segments of DNA. When comparing Nanostring RNA technology with PCR, a few key points arise.
- Target Specificity: Nanostring's technology allows for direct and simultaneous quantification of multiple RNA targets without the need for amplification. This characteristic leads to higher specificity than PCR, which can sometimes produce non-specific products.
- Quantification Approach: Nanostring uses a unique hybridization-based method for counting RNA molecules. In contrast, PCR relies on amplification cycles, which may introduce variability based on cycle numbers.
- Sensitivity and Range: Nanostring technology exhibits a broad range for quantifying low and high abundance transcripts. PCR may not reliably detect transcripts that are low in abundance unless optimized, which can complicate protocol design.
However, PCR is often faster for a limited number of targets and is more familiar to many laboratories, leading to persistent use despite Nanostring’s advantages.
Versus Microarray Technologies
Microarray technologies have been a go-to for high-throughput gene expression analysis, allowing the examination of thousands of genes simultaneously. Here’s how Nanostring compares:
- Ease of Use: Nanostring requires less experimental setup compared to microarrays. It does not involve complex steps for probe hybridization and washing, making it more user-friendly.
- Data Consistency: Results from Nanostring technologies are considered more consistent because there is no amplification bias. Microarrays often face challenges in reproducibility due to variations in labeling efficiency and fluorescent detection.
- Detection of Novel Transcripts: With Nanostring, researchers can analyze RNA without prior knowledge of the sequence, which microarrays might miss due to their dependence on pre-designed probes.
Despite these benefits, microarrays can be beneficial for exploratory research due to their established databases, which allow for broader expression profiling beyond just known targets.
Versus RNA Sequencing
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has gained immense popularity for its comprehensive profiling of transcriptomes. However, Nanostring presents notable differences:
- Cost Efficiency: For small to medium-scale studies, Nanostring can often be more cost-effective, particularly because it eliminates the need for expensive sequencing equipment and bioinformatics expertise.
- Turnaround Time: Results from Nanostring can often be delivered faster than RNA-seq, making it ideal for time-sensitive projects. This is pivotal in clinical settings where decisions rely on timely data.
- Complexity and Data Interpretation: RNA sequencing generates vast amounts of data that require substantial processing and bioinformatics knowledge for proper interpretation. Meanwhile, the output from Nanostring is more straightforward, making it accessible for a wider range of researchers.
While RNA-seq offers deep insights into the transcriptome, the simplicity and efficiency of Nanostring technologies serve as a practical alternative for many targeted analyses.
"The choice of technology in gene expression analysis should be guided by the specific research questions, the nature of the samples, and available resources."
Technical Advances in Nanostring RNA Technology
The landscape of molecular biology is evolving rapidly, and at the forefront of this evolution is Nanostring RNA technology. Advanced innovations in this area are crucial as they directly influence the accuracy, reliability, and applicability of research findings. These technical advances not only enhance the sensitivity and specificity of RNA detection but also facilitate the integration of Nanostring with other technologies and streamline processes through automation. Each of these elements plays a significant role in expanding the utility of Nanostring RNA in both research and clinical settings.
Improved Sensitivity and Specificity
A primary advancement in Nanostring RNA technology is the notable improvement in sensitivity and specificity. This is vital, as researchers often work with small amounts of RNA, where accurate detection is required. Enhanced sensitivity allows for the identification of low-abundance transcripts that were previously undetectable. This ability paves the way for exploring subtle gene expression changes, which can be critical for understanding diseases such as cancer. High specificity minimizes false positives, ensuring that the detected signals truly correspond to the target RNA. As a result, researchers can trust the data generated, leading to more reliable conclusions.
Improved sensitivity and specificity are essential for accurate RNA profiling, ultimately influencing the outcomes of biological research and clinical diagnostics.
Integration with Other Technologies
Another prominent advancement in Nanostring RNA technology is its integration with other analytical methods. Integrating this technology with next-generation sequencing or mass spectrometry enhances the comprehensive analysis of biological samples. Such hybrid approaches make it possible to cross-validate findings, thus assuring robustness in experimental results. Moreover, combining various technologies increases the breadth of applications. Researchers can study complex biological systems holistically, examining multiple RNA types and their interactions. This integration sets the stage for breakthroughs in personalized medicine and targeted therapies.
Automation of Processes
The automation of Nanostring RNA processes is a game-changer in molecular biology labs. Implementing automated systems can significantly reduce human error and variation in experiments. This streamlining of workflows leads to increased throughput, allowing for the analysis of a larger number of samples in a shorter time frame. Additionally, automating processes can enhance reproducibility, a critical aspect of scientific research. When labs can efficiently handle high volumes of data without compromising the quality of results, it paves the path for new discoveries and accelerates the translation of research into clinical applications.
These technical advances collectively position Nanostring RNA technology as a crucial tool in modern molecular biology, balancing sensitivity, integration, and efficiency. As research continues to progress, the importance of leveraging these innovations cannot be overstated.
Challenges and Limitations
Understanding the challenges and limitations of Nanostring RNA technology is essential for researchers and practitioners in the field of molecular biology. Although this technology boasts many advantages like high sensitivity and specificity, it is not without its obstacles. Each of these challenges can impact the accuracy and effectiveness of experimental results, making it crucial for users to be aware of these issues.
Technical Constraints
Technical constraints pose a significant barrier in the effective application of Nanostring RNA technology. First, the process relies on the quality of the RNA sample. Degraded or contaminated samples can lead to unreliable results, ultimately hindering research outcomes. Another important factor is the specificity of probes used in the assays. If a probe lacks specificity, cross-reactivity may occur, causing confusion in gene expression results.
Furthermore, the technology requires technical expertise for operation and analysis, especially when handling complex data sets. Inexperience with the platform can result in improper assay setup or suboptimal data interpretation. Users must invest time in training and developing proficiency to minimize these errors.
Cost Considerations
Cost is another notable challenge when it comes to Nanostring RNA technology. The initial investment in equipment, reagents, and training can be substantial, particularly for laboratories operating on tight budgets. Moreover, the cost of consumables can add up, especially for high-throughput applications. This financial aspect may deter smaller laboratories or institutions from integrating Nanostring technology into their research.
Some funding agencies still prioritize traditional methodologies, which may lead to a reluctance to allocate resources for emerging technologies like Nanostring. Therefore, researchers must strategically justify their choices to secure necessary funding.
Interpretation of Results
Interpreting results from Nanostring RNA assays can also be challenging. The raw data generated from experiments often require considerable processing and statistical analysis. Researchers may struggle with selecting appropriate normalization strategies and statistical methods for their specific applications, leading to potential biases in their conclusions.
Moreover, comparing data across studies or platforms can be problematic due to differences in protocols or libraries. Inconsistencies may arise if researchers do not follow standardized procedures, ultimately affecting the reproducibility of results. To overcome this issue, the scientific community must strive for greater consistency in data reporting and interpretation.
"Understanding the limitations of a technology is as crucial as knowing its strengths. This awareness shapes the approach to research and aids in achieving reliable results."
Future Perspectives in Nanostring RNA Research
The ongoing evolution of Nanostring RNA technology holds significant promise for advancing molecular biology. As researchers leverage the unique features of this technology, the potential for new discoveries and clinical innovations increases. Emphasizing the future perspectives in this field not only showcases the current benefits but also highlights the elements and considerations that will play a critical role in the years to come.
Innovations in Assay Development
Innovative approaches in assay development represent a key area for future growth in Nanostring technology. These innovations may include enhancements in sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. Improving these aspects can lead to more accurate detection of RNA targets in complex samples.
For instance, new probe designs may enable the capture of a broader range of RNA transcripts, including low-abundance species. Additionally, the integration of advanced chemistry in assays can facilitate faster processing times and reduced sample input requirements. The possibilities here extend to capturing dynamic changes in gene expression over time, which is crucial for studies on development and disease progression.
Potential Clinical Applications
In the clinical realm, the application of Nanostring RNA technology is anticipated to expand notably. This technology can be pivotal in personalized medicine, particularly for cancer treatment. By profiling tumors with high precision, clinicians can identify specific gene expressions that dictate patient responses to therapies.
Moreover, diagnostic applications could benefit from Nanostring’s ability to detect multiple RNA targets simultaneously. This multiparameter approach may enhance the detection of diseases at earlier stages, improving clinical outcomes. Collaboration between researchers and clinicians will be crucial in translating these applications from the lab to the clinic.
Integration with Bioinformatics
The integration of bioinformatics with Nanostring RNA methodology represents a transformative aspect of research. As data management and analysis capabilities improve, researchers will be able to extract more meaningful insights from RNA data. Collaborations between molecular biologists and bioinformaticians will be necessary to create robust analytical tools.
Incorporating machine learning and artificial intelligence can further refine data interpretation and encourage discovery patterns that were previously unrecognized. Through visualization tools and networks, researchers can elucidate complex biological processes, leading to deeper insights into functional genomics and systems biology.
As the field of Nanostring RNA continues to grow, a multidisciplinary approach will be fundamental in fully realizing its potential.
The future of Nanostring RNA technology is bright. New assays, clinical applications, and enhanced data analysis tools will shape how scientists and clinicians understand and manipulate gene expression. Such advancements promise to deepen our understanding of biological mechanisms and improve therapeutic strategies.
Epilogue
In summarizing the significance of Nanostring RNA technology within this article, it becomes clear that the method is exceptionally valuable for modern molecular biology research. The versatile applications across various research fields underline its importance by enabling accurate gene expression analysis. These capabilities extend far beyond traditional methods, offering insights that are crucial in understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases.
One primary benefit of Nanostring RNA relates to its specificity and sensitivity. Unlike some other techniques, it allows researchers to analyze multiple RNA targets in a single assay. This not only saves time and resources but also provides a comprehensive view of gene expression patterns. Furthermore, the preservation of RNA integrity is a critical aspect of its application, facilitating robust data that can be reliably interpreted.
Despite the challenges identified throughout this article, such as cost and technical constraints, the utility of Nanostring RNA technology remains significant. It has the potential for integration with advanced bioinformatics tools, paving the way for more complex analyses and interpretations. This will enhance the research landscape even further, making Nanostring a cornerstone technology in both academic and clinical settings.
Ultimately, as advancements continue, the relevance of Nanostring RNA in the scientific community will not just persist but grow. For students, researchers, educators, and professionals, understanding this technology is essential for navigating the intricate field of molecular biology.
Summary of Key Takeaways
- Nanostring RNA technology is pivotal in gene expression analysis, offering a unique method of detecting RNA.
- It allows for the simultaneous examination of multiple RNA targets, enhancing data comprehensiveness.
- The method preserves RNA integrity, leading to reliable and interpretable results.
- Emerging bioinformatics applications may further bolster the technology's research capabilities.
- Despite challenges, Nanostring remains a significant tool in the aim of advancing molecular biology and clinical research.
References and Further Reading
Understanding Nanostring RNA technology requires engaging with both foundational and cutting-edge research. The References and Further Reading section serves multiple functions that can be crucial for anyone studying this technology.
Accessing cited research publications allows readers to verify information and enhance their comprehension of the subject matter. These documents often contain empirical data that can validate the points made in the main article and can inspire further exploration of specific niches within Nanostring RNA research.
Furthermore, further reading resources expand knowledge and can introduce scholars to complementary techniques and methodologies. In today’s fast-paced research environment, staying current is essential, particularly in fields as dynamic as molecular biology.
Cited Research Publications
The list of cited research publications is meant to provide rigorous scholarly context. Here are some key publications that have significantly contributed to the knowledge the article presents:
- Geiss, G. K. et al. (2008). Direct multiplexed measurement of gene expression with color-coded probe pairs. Nature Biotechnology.
- Sinha, L. et al. (2016). Nanostring Technologies: Instrumentation and Applications for Gene Expression Analysis. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry.
- Parker, M. et al. (2018). RNA detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples using Nanostring technology. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.
These articles delve into various aspects of Nanostring technology, including technical validation, application in clinical scenarios, and advancements in methodology.
