Assessing Existing Patents: A Guide for Inventors

A magnifying glass over patent documents

Intro

In the realm of innovation, the journey often begins long before a new product or idea is finalized. For inventors, the horizon is not just a blank canvas; it’s also a landscape filled with existing ideas, some of which might already be protected by patents. Understanding this intricate web of intellectual property is crucial for anyone looking to birth an invention into the world. The question often looms: Has this idea already been claimed by someone else? Navigating the patent landscape effectively can spell the difference between success and a potential legal quagmire.

The first step an inventor should take is to understand the fundamentals of patents. A patent is a legal document that grants an inventor exclusive rights to their invention, often for a period of 20 years from the application date. However, not all inventions can be patented. They must meet specific criteria, which includes being novel, non-obvious, and useful. With this understanding, the path toward assessing existing patents becomes clear.

Research Background

Overview of the Scientific Problem Addressed

The scientific challenge at hand revolves around the multitude of ideas that cross into what can be classified as patentable inventions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) receives millions of patent applications annually, leading to a crowded environment where many similar concepts can exist. Even a slight variation could lead to confusion in terms of ownership and rights. It becomes imperative for inventors to sift through this extensive database to ensure originality and determine the potential market space for their concept.

Historical Context and Previous Studies

Historically, the patent system has evolved to encourage innovation while simultaneously protecting intellectual property. The roots of patent law can be traced back to the Statute of Monopolies of 1624 in England, which established that only true inventions could earn protection. Over the centuries, this concept has permeated the legal systems of various countries, adjusting over time to meet the demands of rapidly advancing technologies. In the early days, inventors often relied on informal means of knowledge sharing and local recognition. Today, with the extensive digital repositories available, conducting a thorough patent search has become a crucial exercise.

Various studies have highlighted the importance of conducting thorough patent searches. A study published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) emphasizes that inventors who engage in pre-emptive patent research see a higher success rate in securing patents and launching viable products. This underlines the need for a systematic approach to evaluating existing patents, ensuring a solid foundation for innovation.

The invention landscape is continually changing, with emerging technologies challenging the traditional notions of patent eligibility. For instance, the rise of artificial intelligence and biotechnology has led to legal ambiguities regarding what constitutes a patentable invention. Therefore, understanding the current state of the patent system is paramount for any aspiring inventor.

Findings and Discussion

Key Results of the Research

Research reveals that one of the most common pitfalls aspiring inventors face is the failure to perform adequate patent searches. Many inventors underestimate the depth of searching required and often miss similar patents filed by others. This oversight can lead to costly legal challenges, from being forced to withdraw a product from the market to potential infringement lawsuits. It's worth noting that patent databases, like the USPTO database or the European Patent Office databases, act as critical resources in this regard, offering extensive search tools to assess existing patents.

Interpretation of the Findings

The findings indicate that being well-informed about existing patents can not only safeguard an inventor's own ideas but also inform them about market opportunities. An analysis of prevalent patents can unveil gaps in the market or innovation opportunities that have been overlooked. For example, if an inventor is looking to create a new type of kitchen appliance, researching existing patents in that area might reveal that while several similar inventions exist, there might be a lack of certain functionalities that the new product could integrate.

In essence, the landscape of patents is not just about avoiding legal reprisals but also about finding opportunities for innovative advancements. The more one knows about existing patents, the better equipped they are to navigate the complex journey from idea to market.

Understanding Patents

Grasping the concept of patents is foundational for anyone venturing into the realm of inventing. Whenever an inventor sets sights on creating something novel, understanding patents becomes not just an academic exercise, but a practical necessity. Patents are essentially the legal framework that grants inventors exclusive rights over their inventions, allowing them to control how their ideas are utilized. By knowing the ins and outs of patents, one can navigate the nuances of intellectual property protection more effectively.

Understanding patents embodies several essential elements:

Legal Protection: Patents act as a barrier against unauthorized use, imitating, or exploiting an inventor's creation without consent. This ensures that inventors can reap the benefits of their hard work.
Market Advantage: A patent can also serve as a significant asset when engaging with potential investors or partners. Owning a patent can increase credibility and project a sense of professionalism and commitment to innovation.
Foundation for Innovation: Finally, patents also encourage further innovation. Patents disclose how inventions work, contributing to the overall body of knowledge. Inventors can learn from existing patents, potentially leading to new breakthroughs and advancements.

Navigating the intricacies of patents isn’t just about filling out forms or following legal jargon. It’s about cultivating an environment to nurture and protect creativity. Understanding patents equips inventors to make calculated decisions about their inventions.

What is a Patent?

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted to an inventor for a specific period, typically 20 years from the filing date, in exchange for disclosing the details of their invention. It is a legal document that ensures no one else can produce, utilize, or sell the inventor’s idea without permission. There are different types of inventions eligible for patents, including processes, machines, manufacturers, and compositions.

To put it plainly, think of a patent like a lock on your front door: it's there to keep unwanted visitors out. If someone tries to use your invention without permission, you hold the key to take legal action against them. The beauty of patents lies in their ability to transform an idea into a tangible asset.

Types of Patents

Patents come in various forms, each serving distinct purposes. Mainly, there are three key types of patents:

Utility Patents: These are the most common. They protect new processes, machines, articles of manufacture, or compositions of matter. Essentially, if you create something that provides a new function or utility, you might want to look into getting a utility patent.
Design Patents: These protect the ornamental design of an item rather than its utility. This includes the shape or appearance of a product. If you think your invention stands out based on how it looks, this type of patent may be your best route.
Plant Patents: Granted for new varieties of plants that have been asexually reproduced. This is quite niche but vital for horticulturists and other agriculture-focused inventors.

Example: A new type of battery that lasts longer than existing options.

Example: Unique bottle shapes that enhance user experience.

Example: A new flowering plant breed developed through grafting techniques.

Each type of patent serves different needs and understanding these distinctions is paramount for securing the right protection. Also, it is worth mentioning that securing a patent is not the finish line but rather the beginning of responsibility. Learning and comprehending the intricacies of patents can be the key to innovative success and safeguarding your intellectual property.

Importance of Patent Search

Embarking on an inventive journey is thrilling, to say the least. At times, yet it can also feel like wandering through a dense forest without a map. This is where the importance of a patent search shines through. Conducting a thorough investigation of existing patents is not only prudent but ensures that you don’t step into someone else's territory. Essentially, it's about making sure that your bright idea has the green light to move forward.

A researcher analyzing patent databases on a computer

When you delve into patent searches, there are a couple of key elements that must be understood. Patents are not merely legal documents; they are the byproduct of countless hours of creativity and innovation. Hence, failing to recognize these can lead to serious repercussions, both financially and legally. Knowing the landscape of existing patents can save you countless headaches later on, which leads us to the benefits.

Avoiding Legal Issues

One of the most pressing concerns for any inventor is the likelihood of infringing on existing patents. Have you ever heard the phrase "better safe than sorry"? It holds true, especially in the realm of patents. A search can illuminate any potential conflicts ahead of time, allowing inventors to pivot or alter their inventions based on what has already been patented. This way, you are not just dodging a bullet; you are navigating the shrapnel of prior art with caution.

Litigation costs: Engaging in legal battles over patent infringement is no small feat; it can drain your finances quickly. A simple search can prevent these costs.
Reputation management: Inventors caught infringing on patents can suffer reputational damage, overshadowing the innovation of their ideas. By searching beforehand, you can maintain your credibility in the inventor community.

Understanding Market Competition

Competition in the market is like a high-stakes game where only the cleverest prevail. By assessing existing patents, you gain insights into not only what has been done but also where the gaps are, spaces that might just be ripe for your next move. Think of it as playing chess rather than checkers; it’s not just about the immediate moves but considering future implications.

A solid understanding of market competition means that you’re not merely reacting to trends but proactively identifying opportunities. It can also help you carve out your unique niche, ensuring your invention stands out rather than blending into the crowd. Additionally, familiarizing yourself with how competitors have approached similar challenges may spur new ideas and innovations that you hadn’t previously contemplated.

It’s important to remember that the patent world is constantly evolving. Patents can provide a wealth of information regarding the direction industries are heading and where innovation is lagging. This knowledge can be your ace in the hole, helping you align your strategy effectively.

To sum it up, conducting a patent search is more than just a necessary formality; it’s a strategic maneuver. It paves the way for innovative individuals to safeguard their inventions while navigating the complexities of a competitive landscape effectively.

Initial Steps in Research

When diving into the vast sea of existing patents, taking the initial steps thoughtfully can make a world of difference. Skipping this part often leads to unnecessary headaches down the road. This phase lays the groundwork for a successful patent search, enabling inventors to navigate the intricacies of intellectual property with clarity and purpose. Understanding these initial steps not only aids in identifying existing inventions but also refines your focus, guiding you through a myriad of potential patents.

Defining Your Invention Clearly

The first crucial step in any patent research is about defining your invention clearly. This might sound simple, but articulating your ideas concisely can be quite the challenge. Imagine trying to explain a breakthrough idea at a cocktail party; you want it to be memorable and clear, yet detailed enough so folks grasp the essence. Your definition should include not just what your invention is but also how it works and what problems it addresses.

Here are a few points to consider:

Identify the core function: What does your invention do? Pinpoint the main purpose.
Outline unique features: What sets your invention apart from existing solutions? Make a list of distinguishing characteristics.
Consider practical applications: Think about real-world scenarios the invention could solve.
Visualize the end result: A clear mental picture can guide your next steps in searching for similar patents.

To sum up, a well-defined invention is the foundation of an effective search strategy, ensuring you do not miss relevant patents that may share similar elements.

Collecting Relevant Keywords

Once you have a solid grasp on your invention's definition, the next step is collecting relevant keywords. These keywords will serve as the lifeblood for your patent research, allowing you to effectively search databases and sift through mountains of information.

To gather these keywords:

Brainstorm: Start with broad terms and then narrow them down to more specific phrases that capture the essence of your invention.
Use synonyms: Consider alternative words or phrases that others might use to describe the same concept.
Look at existing patents: Reviewing similar patents can help you uncover industry-specific terms that are relevant.
Think like your audience: What terms might competitors or potential users search for? This can provide valuable insights.
Utilize tools: Online tools and keyword suggestion platforms can aid in expanding your keyword list.

A well-rounded set of keywords increases your chances of uncovering relevant patent documents and ultimately saves you time.

"An invention isn't just about creation; it’s about clarity and understanding. A properly defined concept and a robust set of keywords pave the way for successful exploration of existing patents."

In summary, agonizing over the precise definition of your invention and collecting an arsenal of relevant keywords acts as a compass, steering your research in the right direction. By attending to these initial steps, you position yourself to tackle the intricacies of patent searching with a level of confidence that comes from a well-informed foundation.

Utilizing Patent Databases

Navigating the vast realm of patents could feel like trying to find a needle in a haystack without the proper tools. Patent databases are invaluable resources in this process, serving as maps that guide inventors toward a more secure footing in their innovation journey. These databases are not just collections of documents; they are sophisticated systems designed to house the intellectual efforts of countless inventors. By making good use of these platforms, potential inventors can uncover vital information ranging from existing patents in similar domains to potential hurdles they might face.

The United States Patent and Trademark Office Database

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is a cornerstone for anyone involved in patent research in America. This database is comprehensive, housing millions of patents, including utility, design, and plant varieties. One significant advantage of the USPTO database is the accessibility to detailed patent applications, allowing users to examine the technical descriptions and claims thoroughly.

Users can search by patent number, inventor name, or keywords. However, unlike flicking through a magazine, navigating this database requires a bit of finesse. First off, you get a front-row seat to trends within various fields, letting you see what innovations are making their mark. Looking at similar patents can also offer a clear perspective on what angle to approach your invention.

Keep in mind, though, that while the USPTO website is rich in information, it may not always be the most user-friendly. Drawing upon tools like the Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) system can significantly enhance your experience, enabling you to track the status of applications and glean information about prosecution histories.

International Patent Databases

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, inventors should not limit their searches to domestic patents alone. International patent databases expand this scope, opening avenues to explore patents filed in various countries. Important databases include the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO). These platforms are essential in searching for patents globally, helping to avoid unnecessary duplication.

Searching within these databases can yield results that might have been overlooked in the U.S. system. For example, if your invention has a unique aspect that might appeal to markets in Europe or Asia, these databases can become critical tools to safeguard your intellectual property rights beyond American borders. Utilizing WIPO’s PATENTSCOPE is especially beneficial as it allows users to access and search international patent applications from across the globe.

Commercial Patent Search Services

A checklist highlighting common pitfalls in patent searches

If time is of the essence or if the databases seem like an intricate maze, resorting to commercial patent search services might just be the way to go. Firms like Clarivate and Questel offer expert analyses that delve deeper than the databases themselves. These services provide valuable insights that can save hours, if not days, of tedious searching. They also come equipped with advanced tools for interpreting data that might seem autocratically complex.

The benefit here is twofold: a better understanding of your invention’s standing in the market and assistance in refining your patent strategy. Before choosing a service, however, compare their packages carefully, as prices and deliverables can vary significantly. If you want to go a more hands-on route, some services provide tutorials on navigating various patent databases that could empower you in future searches.

Utilizing patent databases is not just about checking if your invention is novel; it's about making informed decisions that can shape the future of your venture.

Understanding how to use these databases effectively arms you with the knowledge necessary to protect your work while fostering innovation. The interplay between domestic databases, international records, and commercial tools provides a well-rounded approach, setting the stage for inventors to tread carefully yet confidently in their respective fields.

Conducting a Patent Search

Conducting a patent search is a cornerstone step for any inventor seeking to chart the waters of innovation and avoid costly mistakes. Many fail to realize that diving deep into the patent landscape not only helps forestall legal troubles but also provides invaluable insights into where their invention may fit within an existing marketplace. Without this groundwork, you could either be treading on toes or missing out on valuable knowledge that could enhance your invention.

Keyword Search Techniques

Keyword search techniques are the bread and butter of your patent research. When you start off, it can feel like looking for a needle in a haystack. However, smart keyword choices can transform the task into a more manageable endeavor. To make the most of this step:

Begin by brainstorming a list of words or phrases that describe the essence of your invention.
Don’t just stick to common terminology; include synonyms and industry-specific jargon. This creates a broader search that might capture patents you’d otherwise miss.
Consider using Boolean operators: , , and . These can refine your search effectively. For instance, searching “electric motor AND bicycle” will yield patents that cover both aspects.

This technique becomes particularly helpful when you apply it within patent databases, filtering out results that may not be pertinent to your invention.

Classifications and Codes

Understanding patent classifications and codes is similar to knowing how to navigate a map before embarking on a journey. Each patent is assigned a classification code that reflects its technological domain. These codes come from organizations like the World Intellectual Property Organization, and can be myriad, often pointing to specific types of inventions.

Familiarize yourself with the relevant classification systems, such as the International Patent Classification (IPC) or the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC).
Using these codes can significantly streamline your search. You can use the codes to hone in on the specific area your invention covers, allowing you to sift through unrelated patents.

Additionally, knowing the classifications related to your invention is crucial in understanding who your competitors are and what advancements are being made in your field.

Reading the Patent Abstracts

Reading patent abstracts may seem like a mundane task, but it can unearth gems of knowledge regarding existing similar inventions. The abstract is a brief summary that presents an overview of the patent, much like the blurb on a book cover. It can save you a whole lot of time by allowing you to gauge the relevance of a patent before delving deeper into the details.

When scanning abstracts, pay attention to:

Key phrases: Identify common terms that relate to your idea.
Invention focus: Understand what problem the patent claims to solve.
Comparative insights: See how these inventions relate to yours, which can inform your own approach or highlight differentiation factors you may need to enhance.

Reading abstracts can help you zero in on innovations that are similar to yours but can also guide you in distinguishing your unique elements that could be patentable.

In essence, conducting a patent search is not just a legal formality but a critical exercise that involves strategic thinking and analytical skills. This step prepares you not only to protect your idea but also to heighten the chance of its success in a competitive market. By diligently applying keyword searches, understanding classifications, and leveraging abstracts, you set a solid foundation for informed invention development.

Analyzing Patent Results

When inventors embark on the journey of creating new products or technologies, understanding how to effectively analyze patent results is a fundamental step. This process not only illuminates the existing landscape of innovation, but also offers insights that can redirect efforts towards truly unique creations. By diving deep into the analysis of patent results, inventors can gauge where their inventions might fit into the broad tapestry of existing patents, avoiding costly missteps and enlightening their design choices.

Understanding Patent Claims

At the heart of any patent lies its claims. These are the boundaries or the detailed description of what the patent protects. Understanding these claims can be likened to reading the fine print in a contract; one misinterpretation can lead to significant misunderstandings about intellectual property rights.

Why Are Claims Important?

Scope of Protection: Patent claims define the scope of protection offered by the patent, detailing not just what is covered, but also what is not. This is crucial as it determines the rights of the patent holder and helps in identifying potential infringement.
Innovation Benchmarks: By analyzing claims, inventors can benchmark their innovations against those already patented. This helps clarify where gaps lie in the market, thereby guiding new development efforts.
Legal Framework: Familiarity with claims provides a buffer against legal challenges. If an inventor knows how their work intersects with existing claims, they can craft designs that are less likely to infringe.

“A good understanding of patent claims acts like a map, guiding inventors through a complex terrain.”

To effectively analyze patent claims, inventors should:

Break down each claim into its fundamental components.
Identify the specific language used, as this often reveals the technical nuances crucial for understanding.
Consider employing tools or databases that highlight claim language to assist in deciphering complex legalese.

Identifying Key Features of Similar Patents

Once the claims have been understood, the next step is identifying key features of similar patents. This is less about looking for something identical and more about recognizing trends, functionalities, or technologies that are at play. By understanding what makes other patents successful or novel, inventors can either advance their ideas or pivot in new directions.

Key Aspects to Consider

Technological Innovations: Look for what novel technology or methodologies were employed in similar patents. This helps in recognizing either templates for innovation or inspiring different applications of technology.
Market Relevance: Pay attention to the market success of similar inventions. Researching how these inventions were received can inform design and marketing strategies for one’s own creation.
Legal Decisions: Keep in mind past legal challenges involving similar patents; knowing how certain claims fared in court can shape how you position your invention legally.

An inventor brainstorming innovative ideas with a legal advisor

To streamline the process of identifying key features, inventors may want to list similarities and differences between their creation and existing patents. This can include:

The core function of the invention.
Materials used or proposed.
Target market or user demographic.

In summary, analyzing patent results is a multifaceted task that fundamentally influences an inventor's strategic approach moving forward. By fully embracing the intricacies of patent claims and carefully examining the landscape of similar patents, inventors can ensure they are not treading on familiar ground and can better position their innovations in the marketplace.

Dealing with Potential Conflicts

Dealing with potential conflicts in patent research is not merely a formality; it’s a crucial phase for any inventor seeking to protect their invention. Knowing how to navigate these conflicts can save not just time but also financial resources and future legal troubles. When you find a patent that seems similar to your own invention, it’s essential to thoroughly assess the landscape to understand the implications and options at hand.

Options When Similar Patents Exist

When faced with patents that closely resemble your invention, you have several approaches to consider. Each option comes with its own benefits and drawbacks. You might want to contemplate the following:

Adapt Your Invention: Sometimes, making adjustments to your invention can help skirt around existing patents. This could involve altering a feature or changing the materials used. This isn’t just about avoiding legal battles; it's also an opportunity to innovate and refine your idea.
Collaborate: In some cases, reaching out to the patent holder for collaboration might be worthwhile. For instance, if your invention complements theirs, there’s potential for a profitable partnership that could enhance both ideas.
Licensing: If you believe your invention is worth pursuing despite the existing patent, you can approach the holder about licensing rights. This allows you to legally use the patented aspects under agreed terms. It's vital to draft the licensing agreement carefully, outlining everything from rights to royalties.
File for a Patent: If your invention has a unique aspect that separates it from existing patents, pursuing your own patent can be a valid path. However, you should tread carefully and consult with a patent attorney to ensure that your invention is indeed different enough to warrant patentability.

Each of these options should be weighed carefully, factoring in the originality of your idea, the scope of the existing patents, and financial considerations.

Seeking Legal Advice

Consulting with a patent attorney is not just suggested; it’s practically essential. Intellectual property law is nuanced and complex, and having expertise on your side can make a world of difference. Here are ways a legal expert can assist:

Comprehensive Analysis: A patent attorney can offer a robust analysis of the existing patents compared to yours, identifying specific areas where you might conflict or find novel opportunities.
Strategic Planning: With their knowledge, an attorney can help develop a strategic approach tailored to your situation, be it pursuing a different design, negotiating a license, or other options that could lessen risk.
Paperwork and Filing: Navigating through the paperwork can be overwhelming. A legal expert can manage the formalities, ensuring that your patent application is carefully crafted and filed correctly.
Protecting Your Rights: If a conflict arises with another patent holder, having a lawyer is critical to protect your rights. They can navigate potential disputes effectively, potentially helping you avoid costly litigation.

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

This statement rings particularly true in patent research. By seeking legal advice early on, inventors can sidestep many pitfalls that can arise later.

Best Practices for Patent Research

When it comes to patent research, an effective approach can be the difference between a groundbreaking invention and a legal nightmare. Implementing best practices not only secures your intellectual property but also positions you well in the competitive landscape. Understanding the nuances of patent research strengthens your invention's viability while minimizing potential disputes.

Documenting Your Findings

Maintaining clear records of your patent search is essential. In a world where ideas can slip through the cracks, documentation acts as a safety net. You should take thorough notes on the patents you discover, including patent numbers, titles, filing dates, and a summary of their claims and relevance to your invention.

Why is this important?

Reference Point: Keeping track of your findings serves as a quick reference when making future decisions.
Legal Protection: In case of infringement issues, having a well-organized documentation system can bolster your position. You can provide evidence of your due diligence.
Unique Insights: As you document, you might reveal trends, patterns, or gaps in the market, which could inform your innovation.

Best Practices for Documentation:

Use spreadsheets or databases for easy sorting and searching.
Include links to original documents or databases for easy access.
Take screenshots of relevant patents or articles to retain context.

Given the complexity of navigating patent territory, being diligent from the start pays off. Your documentation becomes a narrative of your research journey that can guide you as you advance towards patent application.

Keeping Up with New Patents

The patent landscape is continually evolving. New patents are issued daily, which means staying informed about emerging trends and innovations relevant to your field is crucial. Not doing so puts you at risk of becoming obsolete in your area of invention.

Set Up Alerts: Utilize patent databases to set up alerts for new entries that align with your keywords or technologies. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) offers such an option.
Regular Review: Schedule regular reviews of databases and journals to keep your knowledge fresh. This isn't just about protection; it's about staying on top of industry advancements.
Network and Share: Engaging with fellow inventors or joining relevant forums can lead to insights about new patents being filed. Platforms like Reddit or Facebook groups can serve as valuable sources of information.

"Innovation is not just about creating something new, but also about being aware of whats already there."

By staying current, you can make informed decisions about your invention's trajectory. Knowing the competitive landscape allows you to adapt, pivot, or even innovate around existing patents.

In wrapping up, best practices in patent research not only safeguard your creation but also enhance your overall strategy as an inventor. Your journey does not end once you find a patent; it continues as you monitor developments in your field, ensuring your innovation stands the test of time.

Closure

In wrapping up this guide, it’s crucial to appreciate the pivotal role that assessing existing patents plays in the journey of any inventor. Understanding if an invention is already protected by an existing patent can be the difference between progressing with confidence and facing unforeseen challenges.

Going through the process we outlined, inventors learn to navigate the murky waters of patent databases and legal considerations. This isn’t just about avoiding pitfalls. It’s about gaining a deeper insight into the landscape of innovation. When you familiarize yourself with existing patents, you start to uncover trends and gaps in the market. This knowledge can inform the direction of your invention and even lead to more viable iterations or new ideas altogether.

Additionally, recognizing the importance of maintaining up-to-date knowledge on patents can empower inventors to spot emerging opportunities. With technology and trends in constant flux, being ahead of the curve allows one to innovate more effectively and take calculated risks.

To sum it up:

Assessing existing patents is not just a legal necessity but a strategic advantage.
A thorough understanding equips you to carve out a niche more efficiently, steering clear of potential infringements.
Continuous learning about patents fosters an inventive mindset, enabling the discovery of unique solutions.

Ultimately, this guide aims to bolster inventors' confidence. With the right tools and knowledge, you can navigate the complex world of patents, ensuring your ideas are not just ideas but creative realities that stand tall in today’s competitive market.

Have More wonderful Articles:

Illustration of the structure of domain antibodies highlighting their unique features